#include<bits/stdc++.h>
//#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast,no-stack-protector,unroll-loops,fast-math")
//#pragma GCC optimize(2)
//#pragma GCC optimize(3)
//#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast,unroll-loops")
//#pragma GCC target("sse,sse2,sse3,ssse3,sse4.1,sse4.2,avx,avx2,popcnt,tune=native")
//#include <immintrin.h>
//#include <emmintrin.h>
#define int long long
#define ls(x) ((x)*2)
#define rs(x) ((x)*2+1)
#define fi first
#define se second
#define pii pair<int,int>
#define Debug(...) fprintf(stderr, __VA_ARGS__)
#define For(i,a,b) for(int i=a,i##end=b;i<=i##end;i++)
#define Rof(i,a,b) for(int i=a,i##end=b;i>=i##end;i--)
#define rep(i,  b) for(int i=1,i##end=b;i<=i##end;i++)
using namespace std;
const int N=1e6+5,base=999983,Mod=998244353;
//char buf[(1<<21)+5],*p1,*p2;
//#define getchar() (p1==p2&&(p2=(p1=buf)+fread(buf,1,1<<21,stdin),p1==p2)?EOF:*p1++)
inline void chmx(int &x,int y){(x<y)&&(x=y);}
inline void chmn(int &x,int y){(x>y)&&(x=y);}
inline void Add(int &x,int y){(x=x+y+Mod)%=Mod;}
inline int read(){
	int f=0,x=0;
	char ch=getchar();
	while(!isdigit(ch)){f|=(ch=='-');ch=getchar();}
	while(isdigit(ch)){x=(x<<3)+(x<<1)+(ch^48);ch=getchar();}
	return f?-x:x;
}
void print(int n){
    if(n<0){
        putchar('-');
        n*=-1;
    }
    if(n>9) print(n/10);
    putchar(n%10+'0');
}
int C(int n,int m){
	if(n<2&&m<2) return (n>=m);
	return C(n%2,m%2)*C(n/2,m/2);
}
int dp[33][2][2];
inline int work(int l,int r){
	For(i,0,32)For(j,0,1)For(t,0,1)dp[i][j][t]=0;
	dp[32][1][1]=1;
	Rof(i,31,0)For(j,0,1)For(t,0,1)if(dp[i+1][j][t]){
		int A=(r>>i)%2,B=(l>>i)%2;
		For(a,0,1)For(b,0,1){
			if(a==0&&b==1) continue;
			if(t&&B>b) continue;
			if(j&&A<a)continue;
			dp[i][j&(a==A)][t&(b==B)]+=dp[i+1][j][t];
		} 
	}
	return dp[0][0][0]+dp[0][0][1]+dp[0][1][0]+dp[0][1][1];
}
signed main(){
	freopen("comb.in","r",stdin);
	freopen("comb.out","w",stdout);
	// ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
	// cin.tie(0); cout.tie(0);
	int Q=read();
	while(Q--){
		int l=read(),r=read();
		
		printf("%lld\n",work(l,r));
	}
#ifdef LOCAL
    Debug("\nMy Time: %.3lfms\n", (double)clock() / CLOCKS_PER_SEC);
#endif
	return 0;
}

